While whole-genome de novo sequencing is used to comprehensively understand novel species, resequencing can be used to discover SNPs and structural variants, enabling comparative genomic analyses and improving breeding and selection.

RNA sequencing is revolutionizing the study of gene expression dynamics in organisms, providing insight into the key molecules and mechanisms in development and during disease and stress conditions. Transcriptome sequencing is also used to understand gene function.

Epigenomics is used in agriculture to investigate adaptive responses to changes in the environment. Epigenomic technologies can be used to detect changes in DNA methylation, chromatin structure, and small RNA expression, and associate epigenetic factors with traits of interest.

Targeted sequencing with a focus on the exome or specific genes can be used for the identification of common and rare variants such as SNPs and CNVs. These variants can help inform breeding decisions and reveal causative mutations for parasite susceptibility or disease.

SNP genotyping by sequencing or microarray enables the whole-genome SNP profiling. SNP genotyping has been shown to work for GWAS, marker-assisted selction/ breeding, marker-assisted backcrossing, QTL screening, and trait mapping.

Metagenomics enables researchers to identify microbial populations associated with animal and plant development, detect known and novel pathogens in animal populations, enhance animal digestion, and improve plant health via analysis of root-associated bacteria

Bioinformatics analysis is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms affecting the structure and the function of the individuals, populations, and communities, and to identify molecules and mechanisms associated with specific phenotypic traits and specific responses to environmental stress.

Impact of climate change on aquatic genetic resources
Climate affects many aspects of aquatic environments, including water temperature; oxygenation; the acidity, salinity and turbidity of seas, lakes and rivers; the depth and flow of inland waters; the circulation of ocean currents; and the prevalence of aquatic diseases, parasites and toxic algal blooms.

To date, most annotation of avian genomes derives from information from other species, and this necessarily misses lineage-specific characteristics that define what it is to be a bird. In addition, sequence diversity between and within avian species needs to be associated with its physiological, evolutionary and ecological consequences.

Several specific examples of mutations or polymorphisms responsible for major phenotypic changes now have been elucidated, but enormous gaps remain in our ability to link genotype to phenotype, especially for those traits that are uniquely avian.

Animal and Plant Whole Genome Sequencing（WGS） is an instrumental technique that is commonly employed to sequence the entire genomes of animals and plants, respectively, and aims at identifying genomic variations such as SNP, InDel, CNV, and SV. Whole Genome Sequencing is an ideal approach to determine the entirety of genetic information at a single nucleotide level.